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| The '''Constitution of Einsenland''' (Einsen: ''Grundordnung'', literally "Basic Order") is the supreme law of the [[Einsenland|Einsenland Republik]]. Adopted on '''October 12, 1923''', it replaced the earlier constitutional framework of the First Republic (1848) and established the modern political system of the Second Republic. It has been amended significantly twice—in 1949 and 1991—while maintaining its core structure and principles.
| | '''《基本秩序》'''（Grundordnung）是[[Einsenland|埃森兰共和国]]的根本法。'''1922 年'''国家确立'''社会主义议会民主共和制'''后，制宪会议完成实质文本；'''1923 年 10 月 12 日'''全文通过并随后生效。此后历经数次修订，但共和、联邦与基本权利核心条款受“永久条款”保护。 |
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| == History == | | == 制定背景 == |
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| === Background ===
| | 制宪会议在[[Tsing Shing City|青城]]与各省代表共同参与下，将劳动权、社会保障、议会民主与世俗化原则写入宪法性文件，以回应二十世纪初期社会矛盾与政治整合需求。 |
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| Following the disruptions of World War I and the political instability of the early 1920s, a '''Constitutional Convention''' (''Verfassungskonvent'') was convened in Eisenstadt in May 1922. Over 120 delegates from all regions, political parties, and civil society groups participated in drafting the new constitutional order.
| | == 结构（示例） == |
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| === Adoption === | |
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| The Grundordnung was ratified by the Constitutional Convention on '''October 12, 1923''' and entered into force on '''January 1, 1924'''. It was notable for several provisions considered progressive for its era:
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| * Universal suffrage regardless of gender (Article 12)
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| * Freedom of press, speech, and assembly (Articles 15–17)
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| * Separation of church and state (Article 22)
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| * Right to education (Article 24)
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| * Workers' right to organize (Article 28)
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| === 1949 Amendment ===
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| Following World War II and the occupation period, the Grundordnung was amended to:
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| * Strengthen the independence of the judiciary
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| * Establish the Federal Constitutional Court
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| * Introduce explicit protections against totalitarianism
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| * Refine the federal structure
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| === 1991 Amendment ===
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| The '''Constitutional Reform of 1991''' modernized the document to address contemporary issues:
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| * Environmental protection as a state obligation (Article 31a)
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| * Data privacy and personal information rights (Article 18a)
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| * European integration framework (Article 45a)
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| * Gender equality provisions (Article 13, amended)
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| * Lowering of voting age from 21 to 18 (Article 12, amended)
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| == Structure ==
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| The Grundordnung is organized into '''eight chapters''' (''Abschnitte''):
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| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
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| ! Chapter !! Title !! Articles !! Content | | ! 章 !! 内容要点 |
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| | I || Fundamental Principles || 1–10 || State character, sovereignty, rule of law | | | 一 || 国家目标、人民主权、法治国 |
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| | II || Fundamental Rights || 11–32 || Civil liberties, social rights | | | 二 || 基本权利与社会权 |
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| | III || The Federal Parliament || 33–55 || Bundesversammlung structure and powers | | | 三 || [[Parliament of Einsenland|联邦议会]]（国民院、地域院） |
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| | IV || The Federal President || 56–65 || Election, powers, responsibilities | | | 四 || 联邦总统 |
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| | V || The Federal Government || 66–80 || Chancellor, Cabinet, executive authority | | | 五 || 联邦总理与政府 |
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| | VI || The Judiciary || 81–95 || Court system, judicial independence | | | 六 || 司法与宪法法院 |
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| | VII || The Federal States || 96–110 || State autonomy, federal-state relations | | | 七 || 联邦与省 |
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| | VIII || Final Provisions || 111–120 || Amendment procedures, transitional clauses | | | 八 || 修宪程序与过渡条款 |
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| == Key principles == | | == 重要原则 == |
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| === Sovereignty of the people (Article 1) ===
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| : ''"All state authority derives from the people. It is exercised by the people through elections, referenda, and through the organs of the legislature, executive, and judiciary."''
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| === Inviolable rights (Article 11) ===
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| : ''"The dignity of every person is inviolable. To respect and protect it is the obligation of all state authority."''
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| === Rule of law (Article 4) ===
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| : ''"The Einsenland Republik is a democratic and social federal state. All exercise of state power is bound by law and justice."''
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| === Eternity clause (Article 119) ===
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| The Grundordnung contains an '''eternity clause''' (''Ewigkeitsklausel'') that prohibits amendments to:
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| * The republican form of government
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| * The federal structure
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| * The protection of human dignity (Article 11)
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| * The principle of popular sovereignty (Article 1)
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| * The separation of powers
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| This provision ensures that the fundamental democratic character of the republic cannot be legally abolished, even through constitutional amendment.
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| == Amendment process ==
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| Constitutional amendments require:
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| * Two-thirds majority in the '''Volksrat'''
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| * Two-thirds majority in the '''Landesrat'''
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| * Signature of the President
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| Amendments affecting fundamental principles may additionally require a '''national referendum''' with at least 50% participation and a two-thirds approval.
| | * **人民主权**：一切国家权力来自人民。 |
| | * **尊严条款**：人的尊严不可侵犯。 |
| | * **社会国**：国家致力于社会公正与社会保障。 |
| | * **永久条款**：不得通过修宪废除民主、联邦与人权核心保障。 |
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| == Legacy and significance == | | == 修正 == |
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| The Grundordnung is widely regarded as one of the most comprehensive constitutional documents in European history. Its innovative provisions—particularly the eternity clause, universal suffrage, and social welfare obligations—have influenced constitutional development in other nations.
| | 修宪通常需国民院与地域院特定多数通过，并由总统公布；涉及联邦边界或基本权利的重大变更可辅以全民公投（依具体修正案而定）。 |
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| The '''Federal Constitutional Court''' (''Bundesverfassungsgericht'') serves as the guardian of the Grundordnung, with the power to review legislation for constitutionality and to hear complaints from citizens regarding violations of their fundamental rights.
| | == 参见 == |
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| == See also ==
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| * [[Government of Einsenland]] | | * [[Government of Einsenland]] |
| * [[Parliament of Einsenland]] | | * [[Parliament of Einsenland]] |
《基本秩序》（Grundordnung）是埃森兰共和国的根本法。1922 年国家确立社会主义议会民主共和制后，制宪会议完成实质文本；1923 年 10 月 12 日全文通过并随后生效。此后历经数次修订，但共和、联邦与基本权利核心条款受“永久条款”保护。
制定背景
制宪会议在青城与各省代表共同参与下，将劳动权、社会保障、议会民主与世俗化原则写入宪法性文件，以回应二十世纪初期社会矛盾与政治整合需求。
结构（示例）
| 章 |
内容要点
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| 一 |
国家目标、人民主权、法治国
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| 二 |
基本权利与社会权
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| 三 |
联邦议会（国民院、地域院）
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| 四 |
联邦总统
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| 五 |
联邦总理与政府
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| 六 |
司法与宪法法院
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| 七 |
联邦与省
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| 八 |
修宪程序与过渡条款
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重要原则
- **人民主权**：一切国家权力来自人民。
- **尊严条款**：人的尊严不可侵犯。
- **社会国**：国家致力于社会公正与社会保障。
- **永久条款**：不得通过修宪废除民主、联邦与人权核心保障。
修正
修宪通常需国民院与地域院特定多数通过，并由总统公布；涉及联邦边界或基本权利的重大变更可辅以全民公投（依具体修正案而定）。
参见
